How to Spot Melanoma Skin Cancer

Melanoma is a potentially deadly skin cancer that has the ability to metastasize, making it the most serious type of skin cancer. While certain factors increase one’s risk of developing melanoma, the most common cause is exposure to the sun’s UV rays. However, because melanoma begins in the melanocytes, or pigment cells, of the skin, it is fairly easy to detect. Awareness of the signs and symptoms of melanoma allows for early detection of the disease, greatly increasing one’s chance of survival.

1. First: Recognize the signs and symptoms

   Changes in moles and new spots that appear on the skin are the most common signs of melanoma, particularly if either change meets the “ABCDs” of melanoma detection. The “ABCDs” refers to asymmetry, in which one half of a mole is shaped differently from the other half; border irregularity, in which the spot on the skin has ragged and uneven edges; color, referring to a mole that does not resemble other moles on a person’s body or a spot that does not have even color and diameter, in which the spot is larger than the circumference of a pencil eraser. Moles may also start to itch, get scaly or bleed. Melanomas may develop under the fingernails, in the eyes and in mucous membranes lining the nose, mouth, digestive tract, vagina and other areas. Dark spots under the fingernails, itching, bleeding, painful bowel movements, difficulty swallowing and changes in vision can all indicate the presence of a melanoma.

2. Second: Know the types

   There are three main types of melanoma, and anyone who thinks they may have one of them should stay aware of the differences between them. The most common is superficial spreading melanoma, which accounts for approximately 70 percent of all melanoma cases. It most often strikes people who are 30 to 50 years old. Females most often develop spots on their legs while men most often develops spots on their back. Nodular melanoma accounts for 20 percent of cases. This type of melanoma is characterized by deep lumps that are a dark bluish-black to purplish color. The lumps can develop and spread quickly, so it is important to have them diagnosed as soon as possible. The final 10 percent of cases is attributable to lentigo maligna, which frequently develops on the face or other areas that have continuous exposure to the sun. The spots may resemble large irregularly shaped or colored freckles.

3. Third: Prevent melanoma

   While it is important to take precautions from sunlight at all times, it is especially critical from approximately 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. in most areas, when the sun’s UV rays are strongest. This holds true even on days when it is cloudy. Wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or more on all exposed areas of the body all year round is also imperative. Protective clothing provides another effective measure, especially photoprotective clothing, which is designed especially for protection from harmful UV rays. Hats with broad brims and sunglasses are also helpful. Tanning beds are extremely dangerous, even if used on an occasional basis.